A Significant Factor in Creating a Powerful Abbasid Culture Was

A significant factor in creating a powerful Abbasid culture was the

A) introduction of paper from China.
B) uniform adoption of the Arabic language throughout the region, as Latin had been in the Roman Empire.
C) introduction of new dyes from the East for making ink.
D) the creation of a formal alphabet in the vernacular Arabic language.
E) use of organized crews of scribes called mamluks.