In Wars Instigated by Ethnic Conflict, as in the Former

In wars instigated by ethnic conflict, as in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Darfur, mass rape:

A) is used as a military strategy to terrorize whole populations.
B) may occur as a side effect of the social upheaval caused by war but is generally discouraged by military commanders.
C) does not actually occur, although warring sides may claim that it has happened to curry sympathy with the international community.
D) is an unavoidable side effect of people from different cultures mixing together.