Which Statement About Early African Nationalist Activities Is FALSE

Which statement about early African nationalist activities is FALSE?

A) Most of the anti-colonial nationalists were committed to violence.
B) They were led by Western-educated African intellectuals.
C) Political organizations for African rights did not arise until after World War I.
D) The ANC in South Africa was created by F.W. de Klerk.
E) At first, many advocates of African rights focused on improving living conditions rather than independence.