A Physician Notices That Twice as Many Female Patients Complain

A physician notices that twice as many female patients complain of depression as male patients. The physician's first thought is that the cause is hormonal or genetic differences in the sexes. Research has ____.

A) shown that only males who have a genetic vulnerability develop depression.
B) been done extensively on this and results confirm that there is a hormonal basis for depression
C) proven that this is never the case
D) suggested that environmental and social-cultural factors interact with biological factors to influence gender differences in depression