The Term "Dutch Studies" Referred to

The term "Dutch studies" referred to

A) a period in Japanese history that corresponded to the "tulip period" of the Safavid empire.
B) a partnership between Japanese merchants and the VOC for trading of porcelain.
C) Japanese who learned about European weapons, shipbuilding and sciences from the Dutch based in Nagasaki.
D) the requirement by the Emperor that Christian missionaries must learn Japanese as the Dutch had done.
E) a learning curve as the Dutch traders attacked the technologically inferior Japanese, who adapted their technology to overthrow the merchants later.