The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals Established a Totality of the Circumstances

The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals established a totality of the circumstances test that has been endorsed and applied by other courts in cases that followed.The test is applied to assess probable cause based on informant information.Which of the following is not among the factors considered in the test?

A) whether the informant information is firsthand or secondhand
B) the nature of the information
C) whether there has been an opportunity for the police to see or hear the matter reported
D) the veracity and the basis of the knowledge of the informant
E) whether there has been any independent verification of the matters through police investigation