When judges are determining sentences for defendants under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, any facts other than the defendant's prior conviction must be established by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt; this ruling happened in the famous case of the United States v. _____.

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The United States v. Booker case in 2005 held that the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, which allowed judges to enhance sentences based on facts not found by a jury, violated the Sixth Amendment. This decision required that any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.

When Judges Are Determining Sentences for Defendants Under the Federal