John Reisen Posted the Following Message in a Chat Room

John Reisen posted the following message in a chat room, "MIC Corporation will have to restate its earnings for the past three years. Its CEO will resign in disgrace because he is responsible." The message is false and MIC Corporation's shares lose 45% of their value before the company can stop the rumor.

A) Reisen has committed the tort of defamation.
B) Reisen has not committed the tort of defamation because there is no publication.
C) Reisen has not committed defamation because there are no damages to the company, only the shareholders.
D) Both b and c
E) None of the above