The main form of forced labor that replaced slavery was

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Coolie labor, which involved the use of indentured servants from Asia, particularly India and China, replaced slavery as the primary form of forced labor in many countries, such as British Guiana and Trinidad. These laborers were deceived or coerced into working in plantations, mines, and factories for a fixed period, usually five to ten years, in exchange for transportation, food, accommodation, and wages. Although they were not legally slaves, they suffered from many of the same abuses and restrictions as slaves, including debt peonage, brutal punishment, and limited mobility. Convict labor, which involved the use of prisoners to work on public works or private projects, also became widespread, particularly in the United States and Australia, but it did not fully replace slavery since convicts were usually white and free labor was still dominant in many sectors. Tenant farmers, who rented land and equipment from landlords in exchange for a share of the crops, could also be considered a form of forced labor if their conditions were oppressive or if they were unable to pay their debts. Women and children played a significant role in the labor force, but they were not necessarily forced to work and their situation varied widely depending on the context and the social norms.

The Main Form of Forced Labor That Replaced Slavery Was