Two countries that successfully staved off constitutional movements within their borders during the nineteenth century were

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Russia and the Ottoman Empire both had autocratic rulers who used oppressive measures to suppress any calls for constitutional reforms. In Russia, Tsar Nicholas I went as far as to create a secret police force to stamp out dissent, while the Ottoman Empire relied on a highly centralized system of government that gave the Sultan almost absolute authority. Meanwhile, countries like Britain and France saw the rise of constitutional movements during the nineteenth century, as pressure from the middle class and other groups forced the adoption of more democratic forms of government.

Two Countries That Successfully Staved Off Constitutional Movements Within Their