Andy's teachers describe Andy as cold, somewhat defiant, and rigid. One teacher even overheard Andy say that he hates his parents. According to the research on child discipline techniques, Andy's parents are most likely using a harsh version of which discipline approach?

Question

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Andy's behavior suggests that his parents might be using a harsh version of power assertion. Power assertion involves the use of power to enforce rules, including physical punishment, threats, or authoritarian commands, which can lead to children displaying defiance, anger, and a lack of warmth or connection, as seen in Andy's case.

Andy's Teachers Describe Andy as Cold, Somewhat Defiant, and Rigid