After the Famous Minneapolis Domestic Violence Study, Other Studies and Analyses

After the famous Minneapolis domestic violence study, other studies and analyses have been conducted. Overall, what are the implications of these domestic violence studies?

A) These studies indicate that even if punishment can produce a short-term, specific, deterrent effect, it fails to produce longer-term behavioral change.
B) These studies indicate that if offenders were released after arrest, no deterrent effect was evidenced.
C) These studies indicate a strong positive effect for arrest, but only if the offender had no prior arrests for domestic violence.
D) These studies indicate that actual prosecution and subsequent probation supervision or incarceration were stronger deterrents than arrest alone.