Braithwaite's View of Restorative Justice Rests on the Concept of Shame

Braithwaite's view of restorative justice rests on the concept of shame. What is known about shame?

A) Symbolic shaming is more effective that actual shame.
B) Sentencing circles rely heavily on shaming the offender.
C) As a specific deterrent, stigmatization is doomed to failure.
D) All of the above notions are known about shame.