Albrecht Altdorfer's landscape painting Battle of Issus is a reference to what contemporary conflict?

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Albrecht Altdorfer's landscape painting Battle of Issus actually references the historical Battle of Issus between Alexander the Great and Darius III of Persia. However, it is believed to be an allegory for the contemporary conflict of its time, which was Wilhelm IV's campaign against the Ottoman Turks. The painting was created in a period when the threat from the Ottoman Empire was a significant concern for many European states, including those in the Holy Roman Empire, of which Wilhelm IV was a part.

Albrecht Altdorfer's Landscape Painting Battle of Issus Is a Reference