In 1901, U.S. Steel was created through the ______________ merger of three steel firms. U.S. Steel combined Carnegie Steel, which had acquired iron ore and coal mines through previous _________ mergers, with National Steel and Federal Steel, both of which had strong __________ alliances.

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U.S. Steel was formed through a horizontal merger of three steel firms, combining their operations to control a larger share of the steel industry. Carnegie Steel had previously engaged in backward vertical mergers by acquiring mines (sources of raw materials), and the merger with National Steel and Federal Steel, which had forward vertical alliances (connections closer to the consumer, such as distribution), further strengthened U.S. Steel's position in the market.