A 72-year-old male patient (height 6'2",weight 95 kg)with a history of congestive heart failure (CHF)presents to the emergency department complaining of shortness of breath and inability to lie down to sleep.Physical assessment reveals a very anxious patient with a pulse of 140,respirations 32,and labored with diaphoresis.Breath sounds are decreased with bibasilar coarse crackles.The patient has a productive cough of pink frothy secretions.The patient is placed on a nonrebreather mask and the resulting arterial blood gases (ABG)show: pH 7.25,partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PₐCO₂)55 mm Hg,partial pressure of oxygen (PₐO₂)54 mm Hg,oxygen saturation (SₐO₂)86%,bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)24 mEq/L.The most appropriate immediate action to take includes which of the following?

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The patient is suffering from cardiogenic pulmonary edema from congestive heart failure (CHF)and has both hypercapnic and hypoxemic respiratory failure.The use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV)with bilevel positive airway pressure (bilevel PAP)while waiting for pharmacological treatment to take effect would be appropriate.Face mask continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)may not provide enough support to allow the patient to reduce the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PₐCO₂).Although intubation is a more aggressive alternative,the choices provided are not within the guidelines for ventilation of patients with CHF.These guidelines include a tidal volume (Vᴛ)between 8 and 12 mL/kg.That would be between 405 and 648 mL.This eliminates the answer with 810 mL tidal volume.The fractional inspired oxygen (FɪO₂)initially should be 1.0; this eliminates the choice with 0.80.

A 72-Year-Old Male Patient (Height 6'2",weight 95 Kg)with a History