The arterial-to-end-tidal CO₂ and the arterial-to-maximum expiratory partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂)gradients are both elevated and equal to each other.This finding is consistent with:
A) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
B) left-sided heart failure.
C) esophageal intubation.
D) pulmonary embolism.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Normally,the difference between the PCO₂ measured at the end of a maximum exhalation and the PaCO₂ is minimal.Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or left-sided heart failure do not show an increase in this difference.However,patients with pulmonary embolism show an increased gradient.

The Arterial-To-End-Tidal CO₂ and the Arterial-To-Maximum Expiratory Partial Pressure of Carbon