Which sleep stage(s)is (are)characterized normally by irregular breathing patterns with short,central periods of apnea and inhibited rib cage muscles and upper airway muscles?

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REM sleep is characterized by the following physiologic effects on respiration: irregular pattern of breathing; short,central apneas; variable and elevated PaCO₂ (2-8 mm Hg above wakefulness); inhibited rib cage muscles; inhibited upper airway muscles; decreased chemoresponsiveness; and high threshold of arousability to respiratory stimuli.

Which Sleep Stage(s)is (Are)characterized Normally by Irregular Breathing Patterns with Short,central