According to the APA ethical guidelines, researchers can use deception whenever they wish and need to justify the use of deception only if participants could suffer significant physical or emotional harm.

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The APA ethical guidelines require researchers to justify the use of deception, regardless of whether participants could suffer significant physical or emotional harm. Deception should only be used when it is absolutely necessary, and alternative methods that do not involve deception should be considered whenever possible. Researchers must also provide participants with a debriefing after the study to explain the use of deception and to address any concerns or questions.

According to the APA Ethical Guidelines, Researchers Can Use Deception