Darley and Gross (1983) conducted a study in which they asked participants to evaluate the intellectual ability of a 9-year-old named "Hannah." Some participants were led to believe that she came from a high socioeconomic (SES) background; others were led to believe she came from a low SES background. Kelley (1950) conducted a study in which students' expectations regarding a guest lecturer's personality were manipulated. Some students were told that the lecturer was a warm person; others were told he was a cold person. Which of the following statements about these studies is accurate?

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In both studies, perceivers' expectations affected their perceptions of the target's performance, even when that performance was identical across conditions. In Darley and Gross's study, participants rated "Hannah" from a high SES background as having greater intellectual ability than "Hannah" from a low SES background, even though both sets of participants received identical test scores. Similarly, in Kelley's study, students who were told the guest lecturer was warm rated him more positively than students who were told he was cold, even though the lecturer's actual behavior was the same in both conditions.

Darley and Gross (1983) Conducted a Study in Which They