Mario and Luigi Are Trying to Decide Whether to Spank

Mario and Luigi are trying to decide whether to spank their child when she does something undesirable. Research suggests that this type of punishment

A) will be most effective if she perceives her parents to be warm and supportive.
B) is very unlikely to lead their daughter to engage in serious aggression later in life.
C) is not used by many of their friends, if they are representative of U.S. citizens.
D) all of the above.