Which of the Following Was Not a Contributory Factor to the 1848

Which of the following was not a contributory factor to the 1848 revolutions?

A) The publication of the Communist Manifesto
B) Increasingly restrictive access to village commons and forests
C) Increasing competition to the guild system
D) The inability or unwillingness of governments to deal with worsening urban crowding, disease, and unsanitary conditions
E) Pressure from a population growth and limited resources to support it