Based on embryo studies, blood proteins, and biochemistry of muscle activity, chordates may be more closely linked to echinoderms than to other phyla.

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Studies have suggested that chordates, which include vertebrates, are more closely related to echinoderms such as starfish and sea urchins than to other phyla such as arthropods or mollusks. This is based on shared characteristics at the embryonic stage, as well as similarities in blood protein and muscle biochemistry. However, this is still a topic of ongoing research and debate among scientists.

Based on Embryo Studies, Blood Proteins, and Biochemistry of Muscle