Aside from the invention of writing, perhaps the greatest advance made by the early Mesopotamians was in

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The early Mesopotamians made significant advances in mathematics, including the development of a sexagesimal (base 60) numeral system and innovations in geometry. They also created the first known calendar, which was based on the lunar cycle. These advances allowed them to make sophisticated astronomical observations and paved the way for later scientific developments.

Aside from the Invention of Writing, Perhaps the Greatest Advance