Michelle Steward Is a Marketing Professor at Wake Forest University

Michelle Steward is a marketing professor at Wake Forest University.Michelle had been asked by the administration to study a sample of classes at Wake to help the university understand the student population better,particularly in terms of factors that differentiate students with high versus low GPAs.One of the questions asked was: "Did you pass or fail the last test you took?" and another question in the study asked "Did you study or not study for the last test you took?" Michelle decided to run a cross-tabulation analysis on these two questions.When she did she also ran the chi-square test.The result was a Pearson Chi-Square Value of 8.64 and a p value reported as a "Sig." in SPSS of .03.Michelle knew that this meant:

A) there was a significant,positive association between the two variables
B) there was the presence of an association;the probability of supporting the null hypothesis that there is no association is only 3 percent
C) there was the presence of a negative association;the probability of supporting the null hypothesis that there is no association is only 3 percent
D) there was the presence of a positive,"very strong" association because the probability of supporting the null hypothesis that there is no association is only .03 percent
E) None of the above;Michelle should not have run a chi-square test because the two variables are both metric.