A Term Newborn Boy Is Evaluated in the Neonatal Intensive

A term newborn boy is evaluated in the neonatal intensive care unit for respiratory distress.  Apgar scores are 2 and 5 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively.  Respirations are 84/min.  On examination, the patient has a barrel chest with a scaphoid abdomen and mild cyanosis of his extremities.  Auscultation shows absent breath sounds on the left; right lung aeration is normal.  Chest x-ray reveals multiple fluid-containing cystic areas on the left and a mediastinal shift to the right.  Which of the following embryologic events most likely failed to occur in this patient?

A) Closure of the pleuroperitoneal fold
B) Closure of the ventral body wall
C) Formation of the pleuropericardial membrane
D) Rotation of the midgut
E) Separation of the dorsal and ventral foregut