The refusal of most of the former Confederate states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment in 1866

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The refusal of most of the former Confederate states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment in 1866 led to the Republican-led Congress abolishing the "Johnson governments" in the South and forming new governments. These new governments also extended the right to vote to freedmen. This was necessary because the Johnson governments were not granting equal rights to freedmen, and the refusal to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment signaled a lack of commitment to equality under the law.

The Refusal of Most of the Former Confederate States to Ratify