The refusal of most of the former Confederate states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment in 1866:

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The refusal of the former Confederate states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment led to the establishment of "Johnson governments" in the South, which were opposed by congressional Republicans who sought to extend the vote to freedmen. Faced with obstruction from the South, Congress was forced to abolish the "Johnson governments" and form new governments that would include freedmen. This resulted in a restructuring of Southern society, as former slaves were given political power and new opportunities. However, general land reform was not a direct result of the refusal to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.

The Refusal of Most of the Former Confederate States to Ratify