Passage
Research suggests that individuals with depression experience dysfunctions in their autobiographical memory. For example, negative autobiographical memories are more easily recalled than positive memories, and memories encoded while experiencing a positive mood are more difficult to access while depressed. In individuals with depression, rumination (repetitive negative thoughts) can also impede autobiographical memory retrieval.Studies have demonstrated that the Method of Loci (MoL), a mnemonic strategy that pairs items to be remembered with well-known visuospatial locations (loci), effectively improves retention and recall over time. Given this previous research, experimenters hypothesized that training individuals with depression in the MoL technique would improve sustained retrieval of their positive autobiographical memories. For this study, 125 individuals between ages 25 and 45 with a current diagnosis of depression were recruited (individuals with co-occurring psychological diagnoses were excluded). Phase 1 screened participants for normal memory function. Participants were given a list of 25 three-letter nonsense words to memorize (eg, LAR, PAS, FUV), and recall was tested immediately (no delay), and again after 20 minutes, one hour, nine hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. Those participants who demonstrated normal memory function (n = 122) were then randomly assigned to the MoL group (n = 61) or the control group (n = 61) for the next phase.During phase 2, the MoL group was trained to associate features of a positive autobiographical memory (eg, a marriage proposal) with a well-known route (eg, the route from home to work). All salient details of the positive memory were mentally associated with loci. For example, one participant paired the restaurant table where he proposed to his wife with a fire hydrant he passes on his way to work. The control group was not trained using any specific technique. Both groups mentally rehearsed their chosen memory every day for one week. After one week, both groups performed equally well at recalling their selected positive memory. However, when a surprise recollection memory test was performed a month later, the MoL group performed at levels comparable to their first recollection test, while the control group exhibited significantly reduced recollection.
T. Dalgleish, L. Navrady, E. Bird, E. Hill, B. D. Dunn, and A.M. Golden ©2013 Association for Psychological Science; T. Dalgleish and A. Werner-Seidler ©2014 Elsevier
-Which of the following best explains the memory dysfunction described in the first paragraph? For individuals with depression, retrieval of memories encoded while experiencing a positive mood appears to be impeded by:

Question

Passage
Research suggests that individuals with depression experience dysfunctions in their autobiographical memory.  For example, negative autobiographical memories are more easily recalled than positive memories, and memories encoded while experiencing a positive mood are more difficult to access while depressed.  In individuals with depression, rumination (repetitive negative thoughts) can also impede autobiographical memory retrieval.Studies have demonstrated that the Method of Loci (MoL), a mnemonic strategy that pairs items to be remembered with well-known visuospatial locations (loci), effectively improves retention and recall over time.  Given this previous research, experimenters hypothesized that training individuals with depression in the MoL technique would improve sustained retrieval of their positive autobiographical memories.  For this study, 125 individuals between ages 25 and 45 with a current diagnosis of depression were recruited (individuals with co-occurring psychological diagnoses were excluded).  Phase 1 screened participants for normal memory function.  Participants were given a list of 25 three-letter nonsense words to memorize (eg, LAR, PAS, FUV), and recall was tested immediately (no delay), and again after 20 minutes, one hour, nine hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours.  Those participants who demonstrated normal memory function (n = 122) were then randomly assigned to the MoL group (n = 61) or the control group (n = 61) for the next phase.During phase 2, the MoL group was trained to associate features of a positive autobiographical memory (eg, a marriage proposal) with a well-known route (eg, the route from home to work).  All salient details of the positive memory were mentally associated with loci.  For example, one participant paired the restaurant table where he proposed to his wife with a fire hydrant he passes on his way to work.  The control group was not trained using any specific technique.  Both groups mentally rehearsed their chosen memory every day for one week.  After one week, both groups performed equally well at recalling their selected positive memory.  However, when a surprise recollection memory test was performed a month later, the MoL group performed at levels comparable to their first recollection test, while the control group exhibited significantly reduced recollection.
T. Dalgleish, L. Navrady, E. Bird, E. Hill, B. D. Dunn, and A.M. Golden ©2013 Association for Psychological Science; T. Dalgleish and A. Werner-Seidler ©2014 Elsevier
-Which of the following best explains the memory dysfunction described in the first paragraph?  For individuals with depression, retrieval of memories encoded while experiencing a positive mood appears to be impeded by:

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

11ecba2d_0c0d_85d8_a3bf_4d80f2f7b419_MD0008_00 Memory retrieval can be aided by internal (eg, emotional state) or external (eg, sights, smells) cues. Context-dependent effects are external cues that aid retrieval. For example, if an individual encodes a memory at the library, that memory is easier to recall (ie, retrieve) at the library than in class. State-dependent effects are internal cues that aid retrieval. For example, if an individual encodes a memory while happy, that memory is easier to retrieve during a later happy mood than when sad. State-dependent memory effects best explain why individuals who are currently depressed (experiencing a negative mood) find it more difficult to retrieve happy memories, which were encoded during a positive mood. (Choice A) When a list of items is presented serially (one at a time), it is typically easier to recall items from the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of the list; together, these are known as serial position effects. The primacy effect does not explain the memory dysfunctions described in the first paragraph. (Choice B) Role-playing effects occur when individuals take on attitudes that align with social roles they are playing; for example, a student pretending to be a prison guard might start to believe that "prisoners deserve punishment." Role-playing effects do not explain the memory dysfunctions described in the first paragraph. (Choice C) Practice effects describe the performance gains that occur when an individual takes an assessment more than once, due to increased familiarity and comfort with the material and testing format. Practice effects do not explain the memory dysfunctions described in the first paragraph. Educational objective: Memory retrieval can be aided by cues that are internal (eg, emotional state) or external (eg, sights, sounds). State-dependent memory effects occur when it is easier to retrieve a memory while in the same mood as when the memory was encoded. Context-dependent memory effects occur when it is easier to retrieve a memory while in the same physical environment as when the memory was encoded.

Passage Research Suggests That Individuals with Depression Experience Dysfunctions in Their