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Trait theorists believe that all people have certain traits, or characteristic ways of thinking and behaving, that largely account for personality. Psychobehavioral researchers conducted a pair of studies to determine whether individuals could intentionally alter one of their respective personality traits.In Study 1, participants were asked to select one personality trait they wished to increase from among the following: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, or emotional stability. Participants first completed a short survey that measured baseline personality trait expression scores (pretest). Participants in the experimental group (n = 125) then developed their own intervention plan intended to increase the selected personality trait whereas the control group (n = 125) did not implement any changes to daily activities. At the end of the study, all participants completed the same self-report survey to reassess their personality trait expression scores (posttest). Results were calculated by subtracting pretest from posttest scores for each person (change score), and then comparing the mean change scores for the experimental and control groups. Results showed significantly greater change scores for experimental group participants who elected to increase their emotional stability, relative to control subjects who selected this trait. The change scores did not differ significantly between the experimental and control groups that selected any of the other four traits (ie, openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, or agreeableness).In Study 2, the same basic methodology was used on a new cohort with several adjustments to the Study 1 design. Instead of asking participants in the experimental condition to formulate their own intervention plans, licensed therapists trained participants in practices to redirect thought processes, emotional responses, and behaviors associated with the selected personality trait. The experimental group participants carried out these practices for the course of the study whereas the control group participants implemented no changes. In contrast to the self-reports used in Study 1, personality trait expression scores (both pre and post) were determined by assessments made by researchers. Results from Study 2 showed significantly greater increases in all five personality trait expression scores for experimental versus control participants.
-Psychoanalytic theory would most likely suggest that experimental group participants who are able to alter their personality traits have:

Question

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Trait theorists believe that all people have certain traits, or characteristic ways of thinking and behaving, that largely account for personality.  Psychobehavioral researchers conducted a pair of studies to determine whether individuals could intentionally alter one of their respective personality traits.In Study 1, participants were asked to select one personality trait they wished to increase from among the following: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, or emotional stability.  Participants first completed a short survey that measured baseline personality trait expression scores (pretest).  Participants in the experimental group (n = 125) then developed their own intervention plan intended to increase the selected personality trait whereas the control group (n = 125) did not implement any changes to daily activities.  At the end of the study, all participants completed the same self-report survey to reassess their personality trait expression scores (posttest).  Results were calculated by subtracting pretest from posttest scores for each person (change score), and then comparing the mean change scores for the experimental and control groups.  Results showed significantly greater change scores for experimental group participants who elected to increase their emotional stability, relative to control subjects who selected this trait.  The change scores did not differ significantly between the experimental and control groups that selected any of the other four traits (ie, openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, or agreeableness).In Study 2, the same basic methodology was used on a new cohort with several adjustments to the Study 1 design.  Instead of asking participants in the experimental condition to formulate their own intervention plans, licensed therapists trained participants in practices to redirect thought processes, emotional responses, and behaviors associated with the selected personality trait.  The experimental group participants carried out these practices for the course of the study whereas the control group participants implemented no changes.  In contrast to the self-reports used in Study 1, personality trait expression scores (both pre and post) were determined by assessments made by researchers.  Results from Study 2 showed significantly greater increases in all five personality trait expression scores for experimental versus control participants.
-Psychoanalytic theory would most likely suggest that experimental group participants who are able to alter their personality traits have:

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11ecba2d_0ca5_a6ab_a3bf_ed84e8d19569_MD0008_00 According to psychoanalytic theory (most associated with Sigmund Freud), personality results from the interaction between the id, ego, and superego. The id is selfish, compelling us to seek pleasure and avoid pain. The ego is realistic, compelling us to behave in ways that are socially acceptable, and acts as a mediator between the id and superego. The superego is moralistic and idealistic, compelling us toward perfection. According to psychoanalytic theory, personality change is possible when a person has a strong ego that can successfully mediate between one's impulsive, pleasure-seeking id and the goals of the idealistic superego. (Choice A) Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies used by the ego when it is overwhelmed or otherwise weaker than the id. Defense mechanisms help alleviate anxiety or other suffering. The superego does not engage in defense mechanisms. (Choice B) During personality change, the ego (not the id) addresses the reality principle. (Choice D) The id is always chaotic and irrational. The ego's responsibility is to negotiate the impulses of the id with rational and goal-directed behavior. Educational objective: Psychoanalytic theory proposes that personality is composed of the id (pleasure principle), the ego (reality principle), and the superego (morality/perfection principle). The rational ego functions to mediate between external reality and the unconscious self, negotiating the desires of the primitive, impulsive id and the moralistic superego.

Passage Trait Theorists Believe That All People Have Certain Traits, or or Characteristic