Passage
Jake and his classmate Michael both grew up in a high-crime public housing project in a poverty-stricken neighborhood in a large urban area. Both children lived in single-parent households and had almost no relationship with their fathers. They performed poorly in school and frequently got in trouble with authority figures. Neither completed high school and both had been arrested by the time they turned 18.At this point their trajectories begin to diverge. By age 27, Jake had been in and out of prison three times, had fathered four children by four different women, and was abusing drugs and alcohol daily. On the other hand, Michael had earned a general equivalency diploma, was a general manager at a factory, was married with a biological son and adopted daughter, and owned a home in the suburbs.Jake and Michael both participated in a study about resilience-the ability to prevail in the face of threats to adequate psychosocial development. This study recruited 81 adult men who as children had lived in the same public housing project between 1976 and 1980. The investigators categorized participants into one of two groups based on their adult outcomes-low resilience and high resilience. All the men reported family difficulties while growing up in crime and poverty. The low-resilience men (n = 69) were significantly more likely to report drug and alcohol use and current or prior imprisonment, whereas the high-resilience men (n = 12) were all employed, and most were married homeowners.The study's primary finding was that high-resilience men received more social support outside their immediate families while growing up than did low-resilience men. Results also suggested that high-resilience men tended to have calmer, more optimistic dispositions, whereas low-resilience men were more anxious, disagreeable, and pessimistic.
-This study is most likely viewing human development from the perspective of:

Question

Passage
Jake and his classmate Michael both grew up in a high-crime public housing project in a poverty-stricken neighborhood in a large urban area.  Both children lived in single-parent households and had almost no relationship with their fathers.  They performed poorly in school and frequently got in trouble with authority figures.  Neither completed high school and both had been arrested by the time they turned 18.At this point their trajectories begin to diverge.  By age 27, Jake had been in and out of prison three times, had fathered four children by four different women, and was abusing drugs and alcohol daily.  On the other hand, Michael had earned a general equivalency diploma, was a general manager at a factory, was married with a biological son and adopted daughter, and owned a home in the suburbs.Jake and Michael both participated in a study about resilience-the ability to prevail in the face of threats to adequate psychosocial development.  This study recruited 81 adult men who as children had lived in the same public housing project between 1976 and 1980.  The investigators categorized participants into one of two groups based on their adult outcomes-low resilience and high resilience.  All the men reported family difficulties while growing up in crime and poverty.  The low-resilience men (n = 69) were significantly more likely to report drug and alcohol use and current or prior imprisonment, whereas the high-resilience men (n = 12) were all employed, and most were married homeowners.The study's primary finding was that high-resilience men received more social support outside their immediate families while growing up than did low-resilience men.  Results also suggested that high-resilience men tended to have calmer, more optimistic dispositions, whereas low-resilience men were more anxious, disagreeable, and pessimistic.
-This study is most likely viewing human development from the perspective of:

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

11ecba2d_0cd0_875f_a3bf_7d2c184e469d_MD0008_00 This study defines resilience as the ability to prevail despite threats to adequate psychosocial development. Therefore, this study appears to be basing human development on Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory. There are many different theories focusing on various aspects of human development. Psychoanalytic theories, like those of Freud and Erikson, focus on personality development. Erikson's theory focuses on how personality is shaped by social interaction throughout a lifetime. (Choice A) Cognitive theories of human development attempt to describe how learning and mental processes progress. Piaget's theory contends that children progress through four universal stages that reflect the acquisition of predictable mental skills. This study does not assess human cognitive development. (Choice B) Freud's theory proposes that progression through psychosexual stages as a child determines adult personality. This study assessed the ability to prevail in the face of threats to adequate psychosocial (not psychosexual) development. (Choice D) Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes that humans progress through stages of moral and ethical reasoning throughout their lifetime, starting with basic moral reasoning during childhood and progressing to more abstract reasoning in adulthood. Moral reasoning development is not assessed in this study. Educational objective: Theories of human development focus on personality, cognition, and morality. Psychoanalytic theories describe personality development in terms of childhood conflicts (Freud) or a series of lifetime crises (Erikson). Cognitive theories attempt to describe the importance of nurture (Vygotsky) versus nature (Piaget) in the development of thinking. Moral development theories (Kohlberg) attempt to define the progression of moral reasoning throughout a lifetime.

Passage Jake and His Classmate Michael Both Grew Up in a a High-Crime