Passage
During the 19th century, the industrial revolution led to advances in health care in the United States that resulted in declines in the death rate followed by population growth. Around 1860, the U.S. birth rate also began to steadily decline until reaching its current plateau of about two births per woman during her lifetime. Since 1860, the U.S. birth rate has significantly increased during only one period: the post-World War II era known as the baby boom."Baby boomers," the generation of Americans born roughly between 1946 and 1964, are living longer than any prior generation, and their aging has evolving social and historical significance. By 2030, it is estimated that there will be about 61 million baby boomers in their eighties. In 1950, there were approximately seven times more producers (people age 15-64) than elderly (people age 65 and over) ; by 2030 there are projected to be less than three times more producers than elderly. Providing medical and social care to this aging cohort will have a major negative impact on the American economy due to the costs associated with health care and basic social services.Also impacting the U.S. population distribution is the fact that younger Americans (referred to as "millennials," born roughly between 1982 and 2004) are delaying marriage and children more so than any preceding generation, resulting in declining U.S. fertility rates. Figure 1 compares the U.S. population pyramid in 2000 to a projected population pyramid in 2030.
Figure 1 United States population pyramid from 2000 and a projected population pyramid for 2030
-What model is being described in the first paragraph?

Question

Passage
During the 19th century, the industrial revolution led to advances in health care in the United States that resulted in declines in the death rate followed by population growth. Around 1860, the U.S. birth rate also began to steadily decline until reaching its current plateau of about two births per woman during her lifetime. Since 1860, the U.S. birth rate has significantly increased during only one period: the post-World War II era known as the baby boom."Baby boomers," the generation of Americans born roughly between 1946 and 1964, are living longer than any prior generation, and their aging has evolving social and historical significance. By 2030, it is estimated that there will be about 61 million baby boomers in their eighties. In 1950, there were approximately seven times more producers (people age 15-64) than elderly (people age 65 and over) ; by 2030 there are projected to be less than three times more producers than elderly. Providing medical and social care to this aging cohort will have a major negative impact on the American economy due to the costs associated with health care and basic social services.Also impacting the U.S. population distribution is the fact that younger Americans (referred to as "millennials," born roughly between 1982 and 2004) are delaying marriage and children more so than any preceding generation, resulting in declining U.S. fertility rates. Figure 1 compares the U.S. population pyramid in 2000 to a projected population pyramid in 2030.

Figure 1 United States population pyramid from 2000 and a projected population pyramid for 2030
-What model is being described in the first paragraph?

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

11ecba2d_0d01_0d5f_a3bf_fd3636849685_MD0008_00 The demographic transition model refers to the transition of a society from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. This transition typically occurs in predictable stages: Stage 1: In pre-industrial societies, birth and death rates are both high and population growth is slow. Stage 2: As society industrializes, death rates drop as food/medicine availability and sanitation increase. Stage 3: As society urbanizes, birth rates decline as access to contraception increases. Stage 4: In developed societies, birth and death rates are both low and population growth is slow. Stage 5: Hypothetically, for developed societies with very low birth rates, population may decline. The first paragraph most aligns with the demographic transition model as it describes declining death rates, increased population size, and declining birth rates as the United States transitioned from a pre-industrial society to a modern one. (Choice A) Social exchange theory describes human interaction as resulting from people's perceptions of what they invest in a relationship and what they get out of it. This is not described in the first paragraph. (Choice B) Optimum population is a demographic theory regarding the ideal population size, which is the number of people yielding the highest per capita income given the country's level of wealth, knowledge, and technical resources. This is not addressed in the first paragraph. (Choice C) Malthusian theory maintains that population growth is exponential but resource growth is linear. When populations outgrow available resources, preventive checks decrease the birth rate and positive checks increase the death rate; Malthusian catastrophes are large-scale positive checks (war, disease epidemics). This is not what is being described in the first paragraph. Educational objective: According to demographic transition theory, societies progress through stages marked by characteristic changes in birth rate, death rate, and population size. Stage 1 has high birth/death rates and small population size; stage 2 has a declining death rate and increasing population size; stage 3 has declining birth rates; stage 4 has low birth/death rates; and stage 5 has a declining population size.

Passage During the 19th Century, the Industrial Revolution Led to Advances