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Psychotic disorders are characterized by a loss of contact with reality. The most common psychotic disorder is schizophrenia, which has a typical onset of psychotic symptoms in early adulthood. Schizophrenia displays considerable inter-individual variation throughout the course of the disorder; many factors appear to influence its progression. Comorbid (co-occurring) conditions, common in schizophrenia, may lead to poorer prognoses. For example, research suggests that fewer depressive symptoms are moderately associated with higher rates of medication compliance, whereas more depressive symptoms are associated with increased future relapses. The early detection of psychosis also appears to have a significant impact on long-term outcomes in schizophrenia. A first psychotic episode that goes untreated for a longer period is associated with more future hospitalizations and a diminished response to future therapeutic interventions.Researchers conducted a study to determine which was better at predicting the development of psychosis, a major component of schizophrenia, in high-risk young adults: the presence of certain speech pattern features or a standard clinical symptom inventory. The participant sample was restricted to 50 younger adults (age 18-30) who either met criteria for prodromal syndrome (preclinical signs of psychosis) or had a first-degree relative with schizophrenia.Every three months for three years, participants were interviewed and given the Symptoms of Psychosis Inventory (SPI) , a standardized clinical assessment designed to measure psychosis and related symptoms. The SPI contains two subscales based on the major symptoms of schizophrenia: the Positive Symptom Scale (PSS) and the Negative Symptom Scale (NSS) , which are summed to provide a total SPI score. Transcribed interview data were analyzed with software designed to assess the following speech pattern features: semantic coherence (the relatedness of phrases to one another) , the number of determiners (eg, "that," "which," "what") used in a phrase (determiner density) , and phrase length.Experienced clinicians diagnosed 11 participants with active psychosis by the end of the study. A computer program generated two models that predicted the development of active psychosis based on the data collected. One model based the prediction solely on a combination of the three speech pattern features ("Speech Model") and the other model based the prediction solely on SPI symptoms data ("SPI Model") (Table 1) .Table 1 Comparison of Predictive Models

-Which of the following r values for the correlation between depressive symptoms and medication adherence in individuals with schizophrenia best supports the research presented in the first paragraph?

Question

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Psychotic disorders are characterized by a loss of contact with reality. The most common psychotic disorder is schizophrenia, which has a typical onset of psychotic symptoms in early adulthood. Schizophrenia displays considerable inter-individual variation throughout the course of the disorder; many factors appear to influence its progression. Comorbid (co-occurring) conditions, common in schizophrenia, may lead to poorer prognoses. For example, research suggests that fewer depressive symptoms are moderately associated with higher rates of medication compliance, whereas more depressive symptoms are associated with increased future relapses. The early detection of psychosis also appears to have a significant impact on long-term outcomes in schizophrenia. A first psychotic episode that goes untreated for a longer period is associated with more future hospitalizations and a diminished response to future therapeutic interventions.Researchers conducted a study to determine which was better at predicting the development of psychosis, a major component of schizophrenia, in high-risk young adults: the presence of certain speech pattern features or a standard clinical symptom inventory. The participant sample was restricted to 50 younger adults (age 18-30) who either met criteria for prodromal syndrome (preclinical signs of psychosis) or had a first-degree relative with schizophrenia.Every three months for three years, participants were interviewed and given the Symptoms of Psychosis Inventory (SPI) , a standardized clinical assessment designed to measure psychosis and related symptoms. The SPI contains two subscales based on the major symptoms of schizophrenia: the Positive Symptom Scale (PSS) and the Negative Symptom Scale (NSS) , which are summed to provide a total SPI score. Transcribed interview data were analyzed with software designed to assess the following speech pattern features: semantic coherence (the relatedness of phrases to one another) , the number of determiners (eg, "that," "which," "what") used in a phrase (determiner density) , and phrase length.Experienced clinicians diagnosed 11 participants with active psychosis by the end of the study. A computer program generated two models that predicted the development of active psychosis based on the data collected. One model based the prediction solely on a combination of the three speech pattern features ("Speech Model") and the other model based the prediction solely on SPI symptoms data ("SPI Model") (Table 1) .Table 1 Comparison of Predictive Models

-Which of the following r values for the correlation between depressive symptoms and medication adherence in individuals with schizophrenia best supports the research presented in the first paragraph?

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

11ecba2d_0da3_195f_a3bf_1bf377919656_MD0008_00 Comorbidity refers to the simultaneous presentation of two or more psychological disorders. If an individual with schizophrenia also has depression (a mood disorder), the two disorders are comorbid. Comorbid disorders often interact with each other, worsening the course of either or both. Disorders are thought to co-occur because they have common risk factors, such as genetic predisposition or environmental stressors. A correlation coefficient (r value) describes the linear relationship between two variables; r values range from −1 to 1 and describe the direction (sign) and strength of an association. The sign of the r value indicates a positive or negative association, and the closer r is to −1 or 1, the stronger the relationship. Correlations describe relationships between variables, but it is not possible to determine if one variable caused the change in the other. Fewer depressive symptoms were moderately associated with higher rates of medication compliance (ie, as depressive symptoms decrease, medication compliance increases); therefore, the research presented in the first paragraph is best supported by the negative and moderate r value of −0.35. (Choices A and B) +0.95 and +0.30 reflect positive, not negative, correlations. (Choices A and D) +0.95 and −0.90 reflect very strong, not moderate, correlations. Educational objective: The correlation coefficient (r value) describes a linear relationship between two variables. The r value ranges from −1 to 1 and reflects the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the linear association between these two variables. Comorbidity refers to the simultaneous presentation of two or more psychological disorders.

Passage Psychotic Disorders Are Characterized by a Loss of Contact with with Reality