Passage
A crucial part of Pinker's argument against the theory of the blank slate is to address people's motivations for wanting that theory to be true. As he sees it: "To acknowledge human nature, many think, is to endorse racism, sexism, war, greed…. Any claim that the mind has an innate organization strikes people not as a hypothesis that might be incorrect but as a thought that it is immoral to think." People thus want to believe there is no such thing as human nature, in order to avoid the negative consequences they think would follow from its existence. Pinker argues that this position not only must ignore the compelling scientific evidence that the mind does have an innate organization, but also depends upon a fundamental mistake about the implications of that idea.For example, suppose that the relative incidence of some desirable trait was higher in certain populations than in others. If genetics plays no part in this phenomenon, then such a difference can be attributed solely to social conditions. Not only would that analysis uphold our commitment to the fundamental equality of persons, but it would also mean that the difference is correctable-we have only to organize society in the proper way, and the disparities between groups would disappear. On the other hand, if any part of the difference is attributed to genetics, then it would seem to open the door to stereotyping, mistreatment of individuals based on ethnicity, and other ills. Thus the impulse to reject the prospect of a genetic component is strong, even if the evidence were to suggest such a correlation.However, this worry is based on two misconceptions. Pinker notes that variance of traits by population would not justify treating members of some populations differently, because it is still wrong-logically as well as morally-to judge a particular person based on the average traits of a group. Aside from recognizing that people should be evaluated as individuals, it is simply a fact that members of a group will display a variety of characteristics that may be closer to or farther away from a statistical average. I would add that a supposed justification of differential treatment based on inborn traits does not reflect our normal moral intuitions. For instance, if Person A is brighter than Person B, we do not therefore conclude that Person B deserves fewer rights or less human dignity. In the same way, differences between groups also would not justify such a view.Similarly, Pinker argues that putative differences between the sexes are dismissed out of fear that such differences would promote an evaluative hierarchy between men and women. However, the assumption that men and women cannot be equal unless they are the same ought to strike us as deeply troubling. That claim would seem to imply that any difference must entail a difference of value, a position which is neither plausible nor morally legitimate…Such considerations also relate to the concerns about human perfectibility alluded to earlier. Improving people through social institutions does not require that humans be blank slates; in fact, the opposite may be true. If we ignore the realities of human nature, then the best-intentioned social programs may be ineffective or even harmful. Moreover, the idea that human beings are completely malleable and can be "molded" as desired ought arguably to inspire more horror than optimism…. On the other hand, acknowledging the existence of human nature enables us to organize society in ways that work with humans as they really are. Human traits and tendencies are not the straitjackets some imagine, and recognizing their influence allows nurture to work with nature instead of against it.
-Pinker has been quoted as saying: "The case against bigotry is not a factual claim that humans are biologically indistinguishable. It is a moral stance." Pinker's statement is most similar to which of the following ideas in the passage?
A) Even if the mind is not a blank slate, humans can be benefited by the right social organization.
B) The denial of human nature would support commitment to social justice and equality.
C) Holding morally just social views is consistent with accepting human nature.
D) Many people fear the moral consequences of acknowledging human nature.
Correct Answer:
Verified
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