A client comes to the emergency department for the second time with shortness of breath and substernal pressure that radiates to the jaw. The nurse understands that angina pectoris may be precipitated by which of these factors? Select all that apply.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Angina pectoris is defined as chest pain brought on by myocardial ischemia (decreased blood flow to the heart muscle). Any factor that increases oxygen demand or decreases oxygen supply to cardiac muscle may cause angina, including the following: Physical exertion (eg, exercise, sexual activity): Increases heart rate and reduces diastole (time of maximum blood flow to the myocardium)Intense emotion (eg, anxiety, fear): Initiates the sympathetic nervous system and increases cardiac workloadTemperature extremes: Usually cold exposure and hypothermia (vasoconstriction); occasionally hyperthermia (vasodilation and blood pooling)Tobacco use and second-hand smoke inhalation: Replaces oxygen with carbon monoxide; nicotine causes vasoconstriction and catecholamine releaseStimulants (eg, cocaine, amphetamines): Increase heart rate and cause vasoconstrictionCoronary artery narrowing (eg, atherosclerosis, coronary artery spasm): Decreases blood flow to myocardium Physical exertion (eg, exercise, sexual activity): Increases heart rate and reduces diastole (time of maximum blood flow to the myocardium) Intense emotion (eg, anxiety, fear): Initiates the sympathetic nervous system and increases cardiac workload Temperature extremes: Usually cold exposure and hypothermia (vasoconstriction); occasionally hyperthermia (vasodilation and blood pooling) Tobacco use and second-hand smoke inhalation: Replaces oxygen with carbon monoxide; nicotine causes vasoconstriction and catecholamine release Stimulants (eg, cocaine, amphetamines): Increase heart rate and cause vasoconstriction Coronary artery narrowing (eg, atherosclerosis, coronary artery spasm): Decreases blood flow to myocardium (Option D) Deep sleep doesn't increase oxygen demand. Educational objective: Angina pectoris is chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia. Any factor that increases oxygen demand or decreases oxygen supply may deprive the myocardium of necessary oxygen needed to function effectively.

A Client Comes to the Emergency Department for the Second