Studies of the Inherited Exchange Relationships Along the North Coast

Studies of the inherited exchange relationships along the north coast of Papua New Guinea revealed that, despite a high degree of specialization within each community, all communities have essentially the same material culture and a very similar diet. This pattern is very different from the ancient state societies in the Middle East for which of the following reason?

A) the ancient Middle Eastern states had intricate social hierarchies absent in the Papua New Guinea case
B) food surpluses in the Papua New Guinea case were organized around individual relationships, while in ancient Mesopotania they were given to central authorities
C) there was no political hierarchy in the Papua New Guinea case, while in the Middle East elites held centralized power
D) all of the above.