Which of the following statements are true regarding pain assessment and management?

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Appropriate pain assessment is the foundation of effective pain treatment.Because pain is recognized as a subjective experience, the patient's self-report is considered the most valid measure for pain and should be obtained as often as possible.Unfortunately, in critical care, many factors, such as the administration of sedative agents, the use of mechanical ventilation, and altered levels of consciousness, may impact communication with patients.These obstacles make pain assessment more complex.Meperidine (Demerol)is a less potent opioid with agonist effects similar to those of morphine.It is considered the weakest of the opioids, and it must be administered in large doses to be equivalent in action to morphine.Because the duration of action is short, dosing is frequent.Equianalgesic means approximately the same pain relief.Dosages in the equianalgesic chart for moderate to severe pain are not necessarily starting doses.The doses suggest a ratio for comparing the analgesia of one medication with another.

Which of the Following Statements Are True Regarding Pain Assessment