The pathogenesis of bone loss and osteoporosis is modulated by multiple risk factors including aging, nutritional deficiencies (vitamin D and calcium), postmenopausal estrogen deficiency in women, and various lifestyle factors including smoking, alcohol abuse, lack of exercise, low body mass, and certain environmental exposures.

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The pathogenesis of bone loss and osteoporosis is indeed influenced by a variety of risk factors such as aging, hormonal changes, nutritional deficiencies, and lifestyle choices, which can all contribute to decreased bone density and increased fracture risk.

The Pathogenesis of Bone Loss and Osteoporosis Is Modulated by Multiple