The three criteria for establishing causality are association, direction of influence, and nonspuriousness.

Name: The three criteria for establishing causality are association, direction of influence, and nonspuriousness.
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The three criteria for establishing causality in research are indeed association (the variables are related), direction of influence (one variable influences the other), and nonspuriousness (the relationship is not due to a third variable).

The Three Criteria for Establishing Causality Are Association, Direction of Influence