Which of the Following Constitutes Most Clearly Demonstrates the Logic

Which of the following constitutes most clearly demonstrates the logic of a hypothesis test?

A) Careful study and review of a case study done by a social scientist
B) Consideration of an argument a scholar had made in light of a new empirical case
C) Examination of "Insights" boxes and "Cases in Context"
D) Consideration of a new case study and formulation of possible explanations for that case