During the oxidation of NADH there are several steps in which $\Delta$E^o^' is sufficient for ATP synthesis. These occur within __________.

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The oxidation of NADH and the subsequent synthesis of ATP occur primarily through the electron transport chain, which involves Complexes I, III, and IV. Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) accepts electrons from NADH, passing them through to Complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex) and then to Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase), where oxygen is reduced to water. The energy released during these electron transfers is used to pump protons across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis by Complex V (ATP synthase). Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) is also involved in the electron transport chain but does not pump protons and thus contributes less directly to the proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.

During the Oxidation of NADH There Are Several Steps in Which