In Braithwaite's Modification of Labeling Theory

In Braithwaite's modification of labeling theory:

A) disintegrative shaming occurs when no attempt is made to reconcile the offender with the community
B) all shaming is stigmatizing and likely to increase the crime rate
C) higher crime rates are found in communities that practice reintegrative shaming
D) criminal subcultures will be found only in nonintegrative societies
E) b and c