Theories in Criminology Do All of the Following Except

Theories in criminology do all of the following except:

A) help us understand how characteristics of individuals (e.g., personality factors, biological factors) are related to criminal behavior
B) offer insight into social structures and social processes that may account for differences in crime rates across groups
C) offer religious and philosophical perspectives on how we ought to view crime and criminals
D) provide bases for predictions about future trends and patterns of crime
E) provide guidance to policymakers who may wish to implement programs of crime prevention and control