Open-ended negotiation across cultural and political divides can lead not only to cosmopolitan cultural practices but also to polarization and tends to be full of conflict and contradiction. The anthropologist Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing refers to this phenomenon as

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Tsing uses the term "friction" to describe the complex interactions, conflicts, and contradictions that occur in cross-cultural encounters, emphasizing how these interactions can both produce new cultural forms and exacerbate divisions.

Open-Ended Negotiation Across Cultural and Political Divides Can Lead Not