When Europeans first established commercial relationships in Africa,

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Initially, European traders were largely confined to the coasts of Africa due to various factors, including resistance from African states, diseases like malaria, and the lack of navigable rivers that would allow for easy penetration into the interior. It wasn't until much later, particularly in the 19th century during the "Scramble for Africa," that Europeans were able to establish significant control over inland areas.

When Europeans First Established Commercial Relationships in Africa