Which of the Following Explanations Is Not Presented by Political

Which of the following explanations is not presented by political scientists as a reason for turning out at elections

A) Citizens receive some amount of benefit from fulfilling their civic duty.
B) Voters use short-cuts such as partisanship to decrease the costs of voting.
C) Politicians motivate citizens to go out and vote.
D) In large elections each and every vote is important to the outcome of the election, and voters are aware of this.