Question 1

The estimated total cost of chronic pain in Canada is ________.

Accepted Answer

The estimated total cost of chronic pain in Canada is between $10-$50 billion per year. This range accounts for direct healthcare costs, lost productivity, and the impact on quality of life.

Question 2

Chronic pain is defined as pain that has lasted for at least ________.

Accepted Answer

Chronic pain is generally defined as pain that lasts or recurs for more than three to six months.

Question 3

A recent review of chronic pain studies showed that single modality approaches (e.g. surgery alone or medication alone) led to a ________ of pain ________ restoration of overall psychological functioning.

Accepted Answer

Single modality approaches often lead to a modest reduction in pain and minimal restoration of overall psychological functioning, indicating that these approaches may alleviate some physical symptoms without significantly improving the patient's psychological well-being.

Question 4

Acceptance and commitment therapy encourages patients to ________.

Accepted Answer

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) focuses on helping individuals accept their pain and distressing feelings rather than trying to control or change them. It emphasizes accepting what is out of personal control while committing to action that improves and enriches life.

Question 5

Pain is primarily ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Pain is primarily ________.
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Question 6

Early theories of pain had a ________ focus.

Accepted Answer

Early theories of pain primarily had a biophysical focus, emphasizing the physical mechanisms of pain transmission and perception.

Question 7

Patients with chronic pain are at risk of suffering from ________.

Accepted Answer

Patients with chronic pain often experience a range of psychological and social issues, including anxiety due to constant discomfort, substance abuse as a means of managing pain, and social isolation resulting from limitations in their ability to engage in social activities.

Question 8

According to Descartes' specificity theory of pain, ________.

Accepted Answer

Descartes' specificity theory of pain posits that there is a direct correlation between the extent of tissue damage and the intensity of pain, suggesting a one-to-one correspondence between the two.

Question 9

Cognitive behavioural theorists have not argued that pain-related beliefs and cognitions develop as a result of the patients' ________.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive behavioral theorists focus on the role of learning, personal experiences, and environmental factors in the development of pain-related beliefs and cognitions, rather than attributing them solely to genetic factors.

Question 10

The neuromatrix model of pain emphasizes the role of the ________ in pain perception.

Accepted Answer

The neuromatrix model of pain emphasizes the role of the brain in pain perception, suggesting that pain is a multidimensional experience produced by characteristic "neurosignature" patterns of nerve impulses generated by a widely distributed neural network—the "body-self neuromatrix"—in the brain.

Question 11

Phantom limb pain can be explained via the neuromatrix model of pain because the model ________.

Accepted Answer

The neuromatrix model of pain emphasizes the role of the brain in generating and perpetuating pain, and it can be adapted to multiple kinds of pain, including phantom limb pain.

Question 12

Biopsychosocial models of pain ________.

Accepted Answer

Biopsychosocial models of pain emphasize the importance of the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding and managing pain. This approach contrasts with models that focus solely on biological processes, acknowledging that pain is a complex experience influenced by a variety of factors beyond just the physical.

Question 13

Biomedical models of pain ________.

Accepted Answer

Biomedical models of pain focus only on biological processes, emphasizing the physiological and anatomical aspects of pain without considering psychological or social factors.

Question 14

The operant model of pain stresses ________.

Accepted Answer

The operant model of pain emphasizes the role of reinforcement in the development and maintenance of pain behaviors, suggesting that behaviors associated with pain can be increased or decreased based on the consequences they produce.

Question 15

The cognitive behavioural conceptualization of pain is based on ________.

Accepted Answer

C  D  Cognitive behavioural conceptualization of pain involves understanding that thoughts and beliefs (A) influence pain perception, reinforcement (C) plays a role in pain behaviour, and certain behaviours (D) become associated with pain.

Question 16

The psychological assessment of pain is  not ________.

Accepted Answer

The psychological assessment of pain is not solely based on biomedical formulations of the pain experience, as it also considers psychological and social factors affecting pain perception and management.

Question 17

During a psychological evaluation of a pain patient, it is important to assess the multidimensional nature of pain because certain cognitive constructs, such as ________ and ________ are associated with poor rehabilitation outcomes.

Accepted Answer

Catastrophic thinking about pain and avoidance behaviors (avoiding action for fear of pain) are known to be associated with poorer rehabilitation outcomes. These cognitive constructs contribute to a cycle of pain that can exacerbate the patient's condition and hinder recovery efforts.

Question 18

The following statement best describes the effect of social support on the outcome of a pain patient: ________.

Accepted Answer

Social support plays a significant role in the rehabilitation outcomes of pain patients. An optimal level of social support can provide emotional, informational, and practical assistance, which contributes to better coping strategies, adherence to treatment plans, and overall improvement in the patient's condition. However, the effect of social support is not always linear or universally positive, as too much or inappropriate support can sometimes be counterproductive.

Question 19

The McGill Pain Questionnaire does not provide an assessment of the ________ pain dimension.

Accepted Answer

The McGill Pain Questionnaire assesses sensory, affective, and evaluative dimensions of pain but does not provide an assessment of the objective pain dimension, as pain is inherently subjective.

Question 20

The following statement regarding cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for chronic pain is true: ________.

Accepted Answer

CBT for chronic pain is often part of an interdisciplinary approach, integrating psychological strategies with medical, physical, and other therapeutic modalities to address the multifaceted nature of chronic pain.

Quiz 9: The Psychology of Pain