Medullary and Pontine Respiratory Centers Are Considered to Be Primitive

Medullary and pontine respiratory centers are considered to be primitive centers, controlling baseline levels of respiration, which, however, can be modulated by emotions, changes in environmental temperature and innate defense (e.g., sneezing, coughing) . These are considered to be

A) respiratory defense centers.
B) higher respiratory centers.
C) cardiovascular respiratory centers.
D) pulmonary respiratory centers.
E) brainstem respiratory centers.