The Writer Manuel Castells Maintains That If the Leaders of Nation-States

The writer Manuel Castells maintains that if the leaders of nation-states want to respond effectively to the four crises he discusses, they must

A) establish tighter border controls because illegal immigration is undermining states of all kinds.
B) strive to make their countries economically self-sufficient because globalization is stealing jobs from productive countries.
C) confront the cold reality that life is changing and there is nothing to be done; the era of independent nation-states is over.
D) create collaborative networks with nongovernmental organizations and other nonstate actors, a recommendation that sounds paradoxical given the problems of the four crises.