A planned comparison is really just a t-test, but using a standard error based on the variance from all the groups.

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A planned comparison, also known as a planned contrast, involves comparing specific groups or conditions in an experiment based on a priori hypotheses. It uses a t-test for the statistical analysis, but the standard error calculation incorporates the variance from all the groups involved in the comparison, providing a more accurate estimate of the variability in the data.

A Planned Comparison Is Really Just a T-Test, but Using